Introduction of several metallic materials

etallic material is very important for a manufacturer to produce quality hand tools, it determines the main properties and lifttime. Actually a hardware tool made of good material cost too high. So we need to chose a right material, which can make quality tool and be with acceptable cost.
CHISEN® Tools usually use carbon steel, chrome-vanadium steel, stainless steel, chrome-molybdenum steel, manganese steel, etc. I will introduce those material.

AISI 1045 Medium Carbon Steel

Introduction

AISI 1045 steel is a medium tensile steel supplied in the black hot rolled or normalized condition. It has a tensile strength of 570 - 700 MPa and Brinell hardness ranging between 170 and 210.

AISI 1045 steel is characterized by good weldability, good machinability, and high strength and impact properties in either the normalized or hot rolled condition.

AISI 1045 steel has a low through-hardening capability with only sections of size around 60 mm being recommended as suitable for tempering and through-hardening. However, it can be efficiently flame or induction hardened in the normalized or hot rolled condition to obtain surface hardnesses in the range of Rc 54 - Rc 60 based on factors such as section size, type of set up, quenching medium used etc.

AISI 1045 steel lacks suitable alloying elements and hence does not respond to the nitriding process.

Chemical Composition

Element	Content
Carbon, C	0.420 - 0.50 %
Iron, Fe	98.51 - 98.98 %
Manganese, Mn	0.60 - 0.90 %
Phosphorous, P	≤ 0.040 %
Sulfur, S	≤ 0.050 %

Physical Properties

Physical Properties	Metric	Imperial
Density	7.87 g/cc	0.284 lb/in3

Mechanical Properties

Mechanical Properties	Metric	Imperial
Hardness, Brinell	163	163
Hardness, Knoop (Converted from Brinell hardness)	184	184
Hardness, Rockwell B (Converted from Brinell hardness)	84	84
Hardness, Vickers (Converted from Brinell hardness)	170	170
Tensile Strength, Ultimate	565 MPa	81900 psi
Tensile Strength, Yield	310 MPa	45000 psi
Elongation at Break (in 50 mm)	16.0 %	16.0 %
Reduction of Area	40.0 %	40.0 %
Modulus of Elasticity (Typical for steel)	200 GPa	29000 ksi
Bulk Modulus (Typical for steel)	140 GPa	20300 ksi
Poissons Ratio (Typical For Steel)	0.290	0.290
Shear Modulus (Typical for steel)	80 GPa	11600 ksi

Machining

AISI 1045 steel has good machinability in normalized as well as the hot rolled condition. Based on the recommendations given by the machine manufacturers, operations like tapping, milling, broaching, drilling, turning and sawing etc. can be carried out on AISI 1045 steel using suitable feeds, tool type and speeds.

Welding

Certain facts about welding of AISI 1045 steel are:

• AISI 1045 steel is readily welded when correct procedure is followed.
• Welding AISI 1045 steel in through-hardened, tempered and flame or induction hardened condition is not recommended.
• Low hydrogen electrodes are preferred for welding AISI 1045 steel.
• The workpiece is
  • Pre-heated at 200°C–300°C (392°F - 572°F)
  • Maintained at the same temperature during welding
  • Cooled slowly using sand, ashes etc and
  • Stress relieved at 550°C - 660°C (1022°F - 1220°F).

Heat Treatment

AISI 1045 is subjected to the following processes:

• Forging
• Annealing
• Normalizing
• Stress relieving
• Hardening
• Tempering

Forging

• Heat to 850°C - 1250°C (1562°F - 2282°F)
• Hold until the temperature is uniform
• Cool in furnace

Annealing

• Heat to 800°C - 850°C (1472°F - 1562°F)
• Hold until the temperature is uniform
• Cool in furnace.

Normalizing

• Heat to 870°C - 920°C (1598°F-1688°F)
• Hold until the temperature is uniform
• Soak for 10 - 15 minutes
• Cool in still air

Stress Relieving

• Heat to 550°C - 660°C (1022°F - 1220°F)
• Hold until the temperature is uniform
• Soak for 1 hour per 25mm of section
• Cool in still air

Hardening

• Heat to 820°C - 850°C (1508°F - 1562°F)
• Hold until the temperature is uniform
• Soak for 10 - 15 minutes per 25mm of section
• Quench in water or brine

Tempering

• Re-heat to 400°C - 650°C (752°F - 1202°F ) as required
• Hold until the temperature is uniform
• Soak for 1 hour per 25mm of section
• Cool in still air

Applications

AISI 1045 is widely used for all industrial applications requiring more wear resistance and strength. Typical applications of AISI 1045 are as follows:

Gears	Pins	Rams
Shafts	Rolls	Sockets
Axles	Spindles	Worms
Bolts	Ratchets	Light gears
Studs	Crankshafts	Guide rods
Connecting rods	Torsion bars	Hydraulic clamps

AISI 1055 Carbon Steel (UNS G10550)

Introduction

Carbon steels are the steels having carbon as the major alloying element. They also contain up to 1.2% manganese and 0.4% silicon. In addition, the residual elements like copper, molybdenum, aluminium, chromium and nickel are present in these steels.

The following sections will give an overview of AISI 1055 carbon steel in detail.

Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of AISI 1055 carbon steel is outlined in the following table.

Element	Content (%)
Iron, Fe	98.41-98.9
Manganese, Mn	0.60-0.90
Carbon, C	0.50-0.60
Sulfur, S	≤ 0.050
Phosphorous, P	≤ 0.040

Physical Properties

The physical properties of AISI 1055 carbon steel are tabulated below.

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Density	7.85 g/cm3	0.284 lb/in3

Mechanical Properties

The following table shows mechanical properties of the cold drawn AISI 1055 carbon steel.

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Tensile strength, ultimate	660 MPa	95700 psi
Tensile strength, yield	560 MPa	81200 psi
Modulus of elasticity	190-210 GPa	29700-30458 ksi
Bulk modulus (typical for steel)	140 GPa	20300 ksi
Shear modulus (typical for steel)	80 GPa	11600 ksi
Poissons ratio	0.27-0.30	0.27-0.30
Elongation at break (in 50 mm)	10%	10%
Reduction of area	40%	40%
Hardness, Brinell	197	197
Hardness, Knoop (converted from Brinell hardness)	219	219
Hardness, Rockwell B (converted from Brinell hardness)	92	92
Hardness, Rockwell C (converted from Brinell hardness. Value below normal HRC range, for comparison purposes only)	13	13
Hardness, Vickers (converted from Brinell hardness)	207	207
Machinability (based on AISI 1212 steel. as 100 machinability)	55	55

Thermal Properties

The thermal properties of AISI 1055 carbon steel are given in the following table.

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Thermal expansion co-efficient	11 µm/m°C	6.11 µin/in°F
Thermal conductivity	49.8 W/mK	346 BTU in/hr.ft2.°F

Other Designations

Other designations that are equivalent to AISI 1055 carbon steel include the following:

• DIN 1.1209
• ASTM A29
• ASTM A510
• ASTM A576
• ASTM A682
• FED QQ-S-700 (1055)
• SAE J403
• SAE J412
• SAE J414

AISI 6150 Alloy Steel (UNS G61500)

Introduction

Alloy steels are designated by AISI four-digit numbers. They are more susceptible to mechanical and heat treatments than carbon steels. They comprise different types of steels with compositions which exceed the limitations of B, C, Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, Cr, and Va in the carbon steels.

The datasheet given below provides more details about AISI 6150 alloy steel.

Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of AISI 6150 alloy steel is listed in the following table.

Element	Content (%)
Iron, Fe	97.095 - 97.72
Chromium, Cr	0.800 - 1.10
Manganese, Mn	0.7 - 0.9
Carbon, C	0.480 - 0.530
Silicon, Si	0.150 - 0.3
Vanadium, V	≥ 0.150
Sulfur, S	≤ 0.04
Phosphorous, P	≤ 0.0350

Physical Properties

The following table shows the physical properties of AISI 6150 alloy steel.

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Density	7.85 g/cm3	0.284 lb/in³

Mechanical Properties

The mechanical properties of AISI 6150 alloy steel are outlined in the following table.

Properties	Metric	Imperial
Tensile strength, ultimate	670 MPa	97200 psi
Tensile strength, yield	415 MPa	60200 psi
Izod impact	27 J	19.9 ft-lb
Modulus of elasticity	190-210 GPa	27557-30458 ksi
Shear modulus (typical for steel)	80 GPa	11600 ksi
Bulk modulus (typical for steel)	140 GPa	20300 ksi
Poissons ratio (calculated)	0.27 – 0.30